应用文写作之体裁分类突破一

应用文写作之体裁分类突破

高考会改变“相对固化的命题模式”，应用文写作的体裁越来越不局限于单纯的书信等应用文体。报刊投稿、宣传稿、新闻报道类、人物描写和叙事短文在近几年新高考卷、浙江卷和全国卷中开始出现。对于各种文体的写作，在备考中要做好充分的准备。

『命题专家谈高考』

【考纲解读】

1.写作文体

文体不再拘泥于书信体，报道、通知等各种应用文体，其他文体都有可能涉及。

2．命题形式

命题类型是半开放类，汉语提示简洁，要点明确，任务具体，学生的可发挥性强。

3．写作主题

主题涵盖学校生活、社会生活、参观旅行、人物介绍、课外活动和日常生活等方面，其中有关学校(学习)生活和社会生活的主题比重最大。主题场景性和真实性突出，体现中外交流和“正能量”。

【备考建议】

1. 复习话题还是侧重于社会关爱、友谊和亲情中。以情感类话题复习为主，最好侧重于学生的生活实际，反应积极向上的社会主体即可。另外，个人的自我品德和修养提升也是复习的重点，这些都是和学生的生活息息相关。

2. 把握短文关键信息和语言特点的能力，重视开头语的提示作用。段落开头语的前后和上下衔接也很重要，考生需要注意整篇的篇章结构来续写构思，理顺上下文逻辑关系，短文内语句要连贯、有序。

3. 注重细节，尤其是注重写作视角。不能把平时背诵的心理描写、环境描写等好的句子照搬，要根据具体实际来选择用哪种叙述方式。

第一类　记叙类 人物描写、日记(新闻报道、叙事短文)

 新闻报道

文脉架构要知晓

新闻报道是记叙文的一种，其特点是以事实为依据， 对人的经历或事实给予明确的、实事求是的报道。写作过程中要保持事件的真实性、准确性，语言要准确、简练、通俗易懂，不必追求过分花哨的词汇和过于复杂的句型。

黄金表达要记牢

1．In order to enrich our campus life, our school organized a 5km cross-country running race last Sunday.

为了丰富我们的校园生活，我校于上周日组织了一场5公里越野跑比赛。

2．An activity，whose theme was protecting the environment/with the theme of protecting the environment, was held by the Students’ Union.

学生会举办了一场以保护环境为主题的活动。

3．Teachers and students who are interested in Chinese traditional culture join in/participate in/take part in the activity.

对中国传统文化感兴趣的老师和学生都参加了这次活动。

4．Everyone thinks highly of this activity, for it is a good chance to getting close to nature.

每个人对该活动的评价都很高，因为这是一个亲近大自然的好机会。

5．It was through this activity that we fully realized that the awareness of respecting the old should be raised.

正是通过这次活动，我们充分认识到应该提高尊老意识。

满分范文要背好

假定你是李华， 上周日你校举办了5公里越野赛跑活动。请你为校英文报写一篇报道， 内容包括：

1．参加人员；

2．跑步路线：从校门口到南山脚下；

3．活动反响。

注意：写作词数应为80左右。

【范文必背】

A Cross－Country Running Race

Last Sunday an extraordinary cross－country running race was held by our school, which nearly drew the attention of every student and teacher of our school.(总体介绍)

The students selected from every class participated in the competition.The route was five kilometers, starting from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain.The whole course was extremely difficult, especially the part near the mountain, narrow and rough.However difficult it was, no participants gave up halfway.All the racers held on to the finish line.(具体报道)

The race was of great benefit to the participants, physically and mentally.Therefore, we all think highly of it, and expect more activities like this in the future.(简要总结)

 叙事短文

文脉架构要知晓

叙事短文属于记叙文的写作范畴，文章多以事件为中心，以时间和空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事。具体写作结构为：

黄金表达要记牢

1．Our school organised a campus chorus contest on Wednesday afternoon, the theme of which is “Love Our Motherland”．

我们学校在周三下午组织了一场校园合唱比赛，主题是“爱我们的祖国”。

2．As scheduled, the contest took place in the school hall, lasting two hours from 4：00 pm to 6：00 pm.

比赛如期在学校礼堂举行，从下午4点到下午6点持续两个小时。

3．Last weekend, I made a fantastic trip to the science and technology museum.I visited colorful exhibitions on biology, math and physics as well as learning about the lives of great scientists.

上个周末，我去了科技馆。我参观了有关生物、数学和物理的丰富多彩的展览，还了解了伟大科学家的生活。

4. By doing interesting experiments myself, I had lots of fun as well as gaining knowledge.通过亲自做有趣的实验，我既玩得开心也获得了知识。

满分范文要背好

上周末，你和同学参加了一次采摘活动。请你为班级英语角写一篇短文，介绍这次活动，内容包括：

1．农场情况；

2．采摘过程；

3．个人感受。

注意：1.词数 80 左右；

2．题目已为你写好。题目：My Weekend

【范文必背】

My Weekend

In order to let us experience the life in the countryside, our school organized a fruit－picking activity on a farm last weekend.The farm, located in the suburb of our city, has a wide range of crops such as vegetables and fruits.(活动时间、地点和目的)

The moment we arrived at the farm, we began with the area of fruit trees and then moved on to the vegetable field.During the process, the farmer explained to us a lot about the crops we picked.We were enjoying ourselves before we knew it was time to go back.(活动过程)

Tired as we were, we all felt satisfied.Every one of us considered the picking both meaningful and rewarding, for we not only gained knowledge of gardening but also had a better understanding of nature.(个人感受)

文脉架构要知晓

人物描写属于记叙文的写作范畴，写作时要围绕人物组织材料。要做到主题鲜明，内容清楚，并注意结构的完整性。具体写作结构为：

黄金表达要记牢

1．Old as Zhong Nanshan is, he fought bravely against COVID－19, making great contributions in the field of medicine.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)

尽管钟南山年事已高，但他勇敢抗击新冠肺炎，在医学领域作出了巨大贡献。

2．It goes without saying that Confucius has a great effect on the values of later generations.

毋庸置疑，孔子对后世的价值观有很大的影响。

3．She has been highly respected for her wisdom as well as courage by the Chinese people.

她凭借她的智慧和勇气受到中国人民的高度尊敬。

4．Her spirit inspires me and millions of other girls to live an independent life and be responsible for our own decisions.

她的精神激励着我和千百万女孩过独立的生活，并为我们自己的决定负责。

5．He set so good an example for us students that we all should learn from him.

他为我们学生树立了好榜样，我们都应该向他学习。

满分范文要背好

你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题，写一篇短文参赛，内容包括：

1．人物简介；

2．尊敬和爱戴的原因。

注意：词数80左右。

【范文必背】

The person I respect

There are many respectable people around us.And the person I respect most is my physics teacher.She is so patient with each student and devoted to the cause of education that we all respect her.(引入话题)

It’s her friendliness and the sense of responsibility that make me admire her.When I failed the exam last month and was in low spirits, she patted me gently on the shoulder and gave me great encouragement.She teaches us not only how to gain knowledge but also how to be a good person.(具体介绍)

Having set a great example to us students, she fully deserves my respect.(总结全文)

 日记

文脉架构要知晓

日记是用来记录一天中所发生的有意义的、值得记录的事件。在日记中，人们会对事件发表议论，阐述一下自己的态度或体会。

1．英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。其具体格式为：

(1)英语日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况，如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

(2)正文结构

2．日记的时态：由于日记是对当天所发生事情的回顾，故常用一般过去时。在发表议论或感想时，也可使用其他时态。

3．日记的人称：因为日记是记载自己的亲身经历，故应用第一人称，语言尽量口语化，按照事情发生的先后顺序，清楚、准确、连贯地把事情表达出来。

黄金表达要记牢

1．This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw that two travelers were reading a map, looking puzzled.

今天早上，我在街上散步的时候，我看到两个旅行者在看地图，看起来很困惑。

2．I led them to the nearby bus stop and advised them to take Bus No.20, which could take them there directly.

我把他们带到附近的公共汽车站，建议他们乘坐20路公共汽车，这样他们就可以直接到那里了。

3．Seeing them on the bus, I felt a kind  of satisfaction.

看到他们在公共汽车上，我感到一种满足。

4．A thrilling as well as meaningful day has ended, but I still remained excited for quite a long time.

劳累而有意义的一天结束了，但我仍然激动了很长一段时间。

5．What happened today has left a deep impression in my memory.

今天发生的事在我的脑海里留下了很深的印象。

满分范文要背好

假定你是李华，昨天你参加了你校举办的以“我最喜欢的一本书”为主题的英语演讲比赛。请你写一篇英语日记，要点如下：

1．描述当时比赛的情况；

2．你的表现和感受。

注意：1.词数80左右(格式已给出，但不计入总词数)；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Friday 4th June 2021 Fine

【范文必背】

Friday 4th__June__2021 Fine

Yesterday afternoon I attended the English speech contest held by my school, whose topic of it is “The book I like best”．(总体描述)

When I knew that the first five candidates performed very well, I felt a little worried.At the thought of the words “I can do it”， I became calm a lot.Soon it was my turn, when I said “The book I like best is Three Days to See written by Helen Keller.From the book, I realize that it would be an excellent rule to live happily each day as if we should die tomorrow.” Finally I won first prize.(详细介绍)

Be happy every day and try my best to do everything.I’ll keep it in my mind and make it come true.(阐述自己的感想)

第二类 书信和电子邮件类感谢信、道歉信、求助信、咨询信(邀请信、建议信、推荐信、申请信)

邀请信

文脉架构要知晓

邀请信是邀请收信人参加某项活动的书信，在写作时，语气要热情真挚，不要强人所难。具体写作结构为：

黄金表达要记牢

1.I’m Li Hua，chairman of the Students’ Union.Knowing that you are fond of classical music， I’m writing to invite you to take part in music festival to be held in our school.

我是学生会主席李华。知道你喜欢古典音乐，我写信邀请你参加将在我校举办的音乐节。

2.I am Li Hua from Sunshine School.I’m writing to invite you to give us first－aid training to improve our emergency response abilities.

我是来自阳光学校的李华。我写信是想邀请您给我们提供急救培训，以提高我们的应急反应能力。

3.I am Li Hua， monitor of Class 1.On behalf of our class， I’m writing to invite you to attend our graduation ceremony.

我是一班班长李华，我代表我们班写信邀请你参加我们的毕业典礼。

4.I hold the firm belief that it is a good chance to perform your favorite music.

我坚信这是一个表演你最喜欢的音乐的好机会。

5.I would appreciate it if you could take my invitation into consideration at your early convenience.

如果你能尽早在你方便时考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。

满分范文要背好

假定你是李华，你校下周要进行中文戏剧节展演，请给你校对此感兴趣的外教Mr.Alfred写封邮件，邀请他参加。内容包括：

1.戏剧节简介；

2.展演时间和地点；

3.期盼回复。

注意：1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：戏剧节Drama Festival

【范文必背】

Dear Mr.Alfred，

Hearing that you begin to take an interest in Chinese plays， I am glad to inform you that there happens to be a Chinese Drama Festival in our school.（发出邀请）

The festival enjoys widespread popularity and established reputation among our students， which has been held for thirteen straight years.Scheduled to take place at 2：00 p.m. on the second floor of our stadium next Friday， the performances will last two hours or so.（邀请的具体内容）

Please let me know whether you are available at your earliest convenience.（期待接受邀请）

Yours，

Li Hua